![]() However, these cells are not stable, and when exposed to a danger signal, iDC become activated and differentiate into professional, antigen-presenting mature DC (mDC). Under normal conditions, DC remain in an immature status (iDC), characterized by their ability to capture and present antigens and other signals in their environment. The role of dendritic cells (DC) within the immune system is crucial, since they are in charge of orchestrating immune responses and maintaining the homeostasis between immunogenicity and tolerance. In conclusion, this study evidences that MAP7 and MUCL1 constitute robust and potentially functional biomarkers of the generation of vitD3-tolDC, opening the window for their use as quality controls in clinical trials for MS. Furthermore, we constructed a network of protein interactions based on the literature, which manifested that MAP7 and MUCL1 genes are both closely connected between them and involved in immune-related functions. Among them, qPCR results validated CYP24A1, MAP7 and MUCL1 genes as biomarkers of vitD3-tolDC in both healthy donors and MS patients. Additionally, we studied their transcriptomic profile and selected a number of differentially expressed genes compared to control mature and immature dendritic cells for their analysis. In this article, we generated human vitD3-tolDC from monocytes from healthy donors and MS patients, characterized in both cases by a semi-mature phenotype, secretion of IL-10 and inhibition of allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation. Specifically, the use of vitamin D3 for the generation of tolDC (vitD3-tolDC) constitutes one of the most widely studied approaches, as it has evidenced significant immune regulatory properties, both in vitro and in vivo. The administration of autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) has become a promising alternative for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). 5Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.4Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.3Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.2Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.1Division of Immunology, LCMN, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.Juan Navarro-Barriuso 1,2, María José Mansilla 1,2, Bibiana Quirant-Sánchez 1,2, Alicia Ardiaca-Martínez 1,2, Aina Teniente-Serra 1,2, Silvia Presas-Rodríguez 3,4, Anja ten Brinke 5, Cristina Ramo-Tello 3 and Eva M.
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